Ames s Long Battle Against Lynch Law - 1257 Words

The contents of this book is a fascinating study over Jessie Daniel Ames, who was a southern woman who played major roles in several local social movements between the two world wars- as the very first President of the Texas league of woman voters, leader in the Texas Equal Suffrage Association, Director of Woman’s Work for the Commission on Interracial Cooperation in the 1920’s, and following that decade as the head of the association of southern Woman for the prevention of Lynching (ASWPL). The book deals both with Ames’s work in the woman’s movement and her efforts as a white liberal in the racist south. Ames’s long battle against lynch law gave her an opportunity to merge two basic interests-feminist concerns and racial reform. She†¦show more content†¦Hall s importance on the anti-racist character of the Southern women s anti-lynching campaign is seriously misleading. Although Hall reports the racism of white women leaders of various anti-lynching initiatives toward black women collaborators, â€Å"But the notion of â€Å"racial integrity which white woman asserted as a fundamental goal, functioned for blacks as a code word for segregation.† (100). she does not deliver a continuous examination of the contradictory, often mutually aggressive impulses these leaders displayed. However, in all fairness, Hall does report that within the white women s movement; spontaneity gave way to a reassertion of traditional hierarchies and assump tions†¦ (95). Ironically, during this influential period of women s consciousness, the plight of black men provided a central opportunity for white women to participate in the forbidden arena of public talk about race and sex. These same white women leaders summarily rejected black women s call for suffrage and equal treatment with white women. â€Å"When we yield to public opinion and make ourselves say only what we think the public can stand, is there not a danger that we may find ourselves with our larger view conceding what those with the narrow view in demand?† (96). The enormous potential of anti-lynching complaints for establishing a bridge of equality between black and white women was thereby immoral. These early feminine supporters used the very stereotypes that fueled mob hatred

Philosophies of China and India Essay - 858 Words

China and India have many philosophical schools of thought. There are multiple similarities as well as a plethora of differences. While China has a wide range of thoughts concerning eternal salvation and everyday rule, India is more narrow-minded in their approach. The differences are astounding and the similarities are few and far between. Each nation has a distinctly different school of thought, which ultimately led to the establishment of their current day societies. China has many different schools of thought, most of which build upon or agree with each other. One of the constant schools of thought is the Mandate of Heaven. The Mandate is seen in many different dynasties throughout the history of China. It was created during the Zhou†¦show more content†¦Taoism is a rather interesting thought, but many saw it as useless, leading to a legalistic approach to life. Legalism erupted in China. It became a popular idea for multiple dynasties. The thought of legalism is a strict rule of law, and that anyone that breaks the law is severely punished. It was used to show legitimacy of power in rulers and to curtain rebellion and overthrow of the government. Lastly, Mohism is the idea of universal love. Basically, think about the ideal as the hippie movement. Mohism states that we should love everyone universally and that will help improve our lives. Indian philosophy differs greatly from China in many areas. The basic principles of Indian philosophy are Dharma, Rta, and Karma, all relating to Hinduism. The basic principles are also based upon the Indian caste system. There are four different levels of the caste system or Varnas. They different levels of the system are the Brahman (priests), Kshatriya (warriors and officials), Vaishya (merchants and artisans), and outcastes (unclean, sick, dirty jobs). Your success in life and the ability to reach eternal life is based upon your social status; Dharma is the belief in Natural Law or the divinely instituted order of things or Rta. It refers to personal obligations and duties. Dharma is affected by age, caste, occupation, and gender. It is believed that if you live in accordance with dharma than you will proceed more quickly toward personal liberation. Karma is the conceptShow MoreRelatedHan China vs. Mauryan/Gupta India Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze similarities and diff erences in methods of political control in the following empires in the classical period. Han China (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Mauryan/Gupta India (320 B.C.E.-550 C.E.) During the Classical period, Han China and Mauryan/Gupta India developed many methods of political control. Although these empires were located in different geographic regions, they both used social hierarchy, language, bureaucracy, and religion as a means of political control. Many of ClassicalRead MoreThe Impact Confucius, Gandhi, and Western Ideas had on China, Japan, and India1525 Words   |  7 PagesGandhi, and Western Ideas had on China, Japan, and India ‘The future depends on what you do today’(Gandhi). In Japan, China, and India each country was faced with similar opportunities, and chose a different path that has impacted their future, setting them aside from one another. When Western countries came into China, India, and Japan, each country reacted differently to the Western ideas that these foreigners brought which would then change the culture. Japan and China secluded themselves from otherRead MoreChinese and Indian Culture Essay857 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Chinese and Indian Cultures China and India have had close connections for many centuries. Similarities and differences can be found in many of their cultural aspects. Both India and China flourished as river cultures in regions surrounded by mountains. 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There are also many people from China that do not follow a religion because of its communistRead MoreThe Religion Of Buddhism And Buddhism1730 Words   |  7 Pageseffect when it began to spread from India where it originated, to many Asian countries especially China where it would have the biggest impact. In China, Buddhism would take root and would grow to become a popular religion in the country much like the other major religions of China, Confucianism and Taoism, which together with Buddhism would later be known as the â€Å"Three Teachings†. Additionally, at some point Buddhism would began to lose its popularity in India due to Hinduism, which had absorbedRead MoreEssay on Exploring International Psychology1045 Words   |  5 PagesAge of Greece, philosophy was largely derivative. (2009, p.66) Even with the decrease of wisdom philosophies, ancient Greek theories and philosophies are clearly associated Western psychology. Ancient Roots of psychology in China China has ancient roots in psychology originating with a philosophy that has shaped the culture of China. I was impressed to learn how far back the thinking of psychology was present in China as described by Jing and Fu: Psychological thinking in China originated 2000Read MoreEssay on Compare/Contrast China and India896 Words   |  4 PagesChina and India China and India were both very advanced ancient civilizations. Both agricultural based civilizations made various technological advances. Although China and India shared many similarities, they had differences such as the social system, politics, and the importance of trade in the economy. The hierarchy of ancient China and India were similar with a noticeable sign of select individuals being considered â€Å"higher† then others. The caste system was strict in India and prohibited otherRead MoreThe Monument Of The Tomb Of Emperor Qin1072 Words   |  5 Pagesorbs the red sun and its symbol. The woman awaits her ascent to heaven, where she can attain immortality. Daoism and Confucianism are both philosophies and religions native to China. Both schools of thought attracted wide followings during the Warring States Period. The Daoism emerged out of the metaphysical teachings attributed to Laozi. Daoist philosophy stresses an intuitive awareness, nurtured by harmonious contact with nature, and shuns everything artificial. Daoists seek to follow the universal

What Effect Does Being Identified ADHD Have on a Child...

Have you ever had a day when you feel like you were wired backwards? Do you ever feel like you are charged with so much energy that you will go mad if you don’t get it out? Do you find yourself reading a question and then rereading just to soak it in? For someone living with ADHD these are daily struggles. There are thousands of people who must carry this label and new diagnoses every day. Both children and adults are stricken by this disorder. Giving them the label causes greater problems than the disorder itself. Individuals with the label of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder experience increased peer related issues, have a higher documented rate of injuries inflicted, and are known as defiant and disobedient due to the implied†¦show more content†¦Many parents are affected by high medical expenses. Some of these acts include alcohol and drug use and even road rage.  ¿Many times the drug and alcohol use is the result of peer pressure in combination with the initial impulsiveness. The effects of this identity could cause major depression, substance abuse, and poor self-esteem. ¿ The impulsive behaviors responsible for these injuries also cause the social image that is used to judge individuals with ADHD. Due to the lack of self-control and the increased impulsivity of these individuals there is a higher level of reported defiance. 65% of children with ADHD diagnosis have issues with defiance, non-compliance and other authority related conflicts. Many people with this disorder experience uncontrollable verbal hostility, short tempers, and troubles with expressive language. Because of the lack of filters to tell the brain that these actions should be avoided, these children receive poor rapport from peers. They are also often misunderstood. Many times teachers learn to expect the behavior but punish it rather than redirect it. These children may learn to use this disorder as an excuse to not succeed. There are some people who believe that this labeling is needed and helpful. Many doctors and school officials believe that the diagnosis and labeling of these individuals is helpful so that they can be assisted with their struggles. The idea is that if a disorder goes undiagnosed it must go untreatedShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Over Diagnosed Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesIs Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Over Diagnosed? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is very common disorder diagnosed among children. What is ADHD? ADHD: a short attention span accompanied by excessive activity (Cowerdly Allen, 2012, p. 174). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) 11% of children ranging from ages 4 to 7 were diagnosed with ADHD in 2011: making this an average increase of 5% per year from 2003 to 2011 (2016). Why is itRead MoreIs Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Over Diagnosed?916 Words   |  4 PagesDeficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Over Diagnosed? The most common diagnoses made by doctors among children is Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder (ADHD) (LeFever, G. B., Dawson, K. V., Morrow, A. L.,1999). What is ADHD? ADHD: a short attention span accompanied by excessive activity (Cowerdly Allen, 2012, p. 174). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) In the United States 11% of children ranging from ages 4 to 7 were diagnosed with ADHD in 2011: making this an averageRead MoreWhat Is Adhd?. Adhd Stands For Attention Deficit Hyperactivity1564 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is ADHD? ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. 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Opinions regarding ADHD range from not believing it exists at all to believing there are genetic and physiological bases for the condition as well as disagreement about the use of stimulant medications in treatment. Some sociologists consider ADHD to be a classic example of theRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1278 Words   |  6 PagesHave you known someone to be on the go, to the point they just can’t stop and relax? Have you ever known someone to have a hard time focusing to you while you’re in a conversation with them? It’s not because they are not interested in the conversation. It’s just that their brain functions differently. They may have what’s called ADHD. ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The Diagnostic and Stati stical manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM IV) states that â€Å"the essentialRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesDisorder, most commonly known as ADHD is a condition characterized by an ongoing pattern of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity which interfere with functioning and development (National Institute of Mental Health). In attention refers to a child not paying close attention, lack of organization, and gets easily distracted and is forgetful. With hyperactivity a child can’t stay in assigned seat, fidgets, and talks excessively. Impulsivity describes a child who interrupts, yells out answersRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1579 Words   |  7 Pages What is it? Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is a disorder that occurs in the brain that results in a lack of attention and an impulse of hyperactivity. This can interfere with the person’s development and functioning. People who suffer from ADHD show patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. In children, ADHD is shown to be more common in boys than in girls. Some studies report a high ratio of boys to girls. The inattentive type of ADHD is found more commonlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Infants And Young Children1711 Words   |  7 Pagesindirectly. Stress is a complex physiobiological response that can have enduring biological, emotional, and behavioral consequences (Lupien et al, 2009). A fetus is sensitive to hormonal and other physiological indicators of stress within the womb and exposure to stress carries on after conception and continues to affect emotional and cognitive functioning of infants and young children. Similar to many other psychological disorders, ADHD has roots early in life. After birth, stress continues to affect

It 650 Principle Of Database Designs - 5259 Words

IT 650 Principle of database designs Srikanth Karra Southern New Hampshire University. Introduction: Westlake research hospital is a drug research organization and hospital as well. This hospital cum research organization has its core business of its own test called double blind of a new depression drug. This organization has 420+ users including doctors, researchers, pharmacists and patients. Depending on the test result patient get new or traditional drug and the treatment lasts about 18 months. Patients get interviewed by doctor twice a month; doctor examines and interviews 20 patients initially. It is expected that few patients drop out overtime. The drug product is distributed in generic bottle to prevent the secrets of this drug from other hospitals and organizations working in the same direction. This drug is dispersed by two superiors and one among them is a pharmacist. The organization is using traditional ways of storing business information that is in papers and registers. The information is growing exponentially and tracking the patient’s information is time consuming. To improve business and to effectively streamline the business hospital needed a database. Limitations: 1. Manually storing information into papers and register consume much time and human efforts. 2. Organization patient’s information is the fear of the organization in the current system because it requires more capital. 3. By this system organization cannot track patient’s healthShow MoreRelatedWei Zhou LinkedIn1428 Words   |  6 Pagesmultivariate methods. - Extensive experience with analytical and statistical software (R, MATLAB). - Fast learner, analytic thinker, and creative problem solver. Jordan Lang 3rd Lead Data Scientist at CirclePublish Connect Email: zhweisophie@gmail.com Cell: 650-9967156 resume Yuanxi Yue Experience Data Scientist Quantitative Trading Analysis Analyst at Citi Muxi Li Data Scientist at Microsoft Skyhigh Networks June 2014 – Present (8 months) | Cupertino, California Cloud security anomalies detectionRead MoreBenefits Of The Low Back Pain Condition1761 Words   |  8 Pageswould bring efficacy with a multiple analgesic mechanism of action, since this therapy also shown a synergistic effect in animal models. 1 According to Lee (2013), it would be more effective an extended-release release tramadol HCl 75-mg/acetaminophen 650-mg fixed-combination tablets (TA-ER) formulation to achieve pain relief effects in a sustained analgesic activity over time. 1 Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TA-ER, in a Phase III clinical trial, forRead MoreKey Principles And Problems Of Software Engineering1782 Words   |  8 PagesAcademic Skills CentreUNIVERSITY OF BATH PSG5 PROJECT: Describe the main principles and problems of software engineering. Choose one specific problem and evaluate current solutions to this problem. NAME: Bingjie YU DATE: 03/09/2015 Word Count: 1487 words Declaration This essay/assignment is all my own work, except where acknowledged. Ideas, words or passages taken from other sources are indicated using the appropriate referencing system. The material in this assignment has not been submittedRead More7 Principle of Supply Chain Management2905 Words   |  12 Pages7 Principles of Supply Chain Management 1. Introduction Before we are to analysis this article, first let us clarify something before we start .In this article, it states the 7 principles of supply chain management and its importance in practical ,many of us must have a question, what is a supply chain management and why is it important for a company today ? Supply chain management (SCM) is the process that is used by a company to ensure that its supply chain is efficient and cost effectiveRead More7 Principle of Supply Chain Management2892 Words   |  12 Pages7 Principles of Supply Chain Management 1. Introduction Before we are to analysis this article, first let us clarify something before we start .In this article, it states the 7 principles of supply chain management and its importance in practical ,many of us must have a question, what is a supply chain management and why is it important for a company today ? Supply chain management (SCM) is the process that is used by a company to ensure that its supply chain is efficient and cost effective. TheyRead MoreEvaluation Research Design Literature19283 Words   |  78 Pages253 Chapter 6 Evaluation Research Design: Literature Reviews Synthesis Frequently a research question or hypothesis can be answered through secondary research, i.e., a literature review or synthesis. Both strategies requires the researcher to mine existing data sources; ―pull outâ€â€" relevant data or information; summarize it; logically analyze and/or statistically treat it; and report results. In many instances, the issue, problem, question, etc. which prompted the idea for an evaluation study isRead MoreWhat Is Transformational Leadership And Process Improvement Training And Certification Program5008 Words   |  21 Pages ABSTRACT This dissertation sought to develop a solution to help mitigate capability and leadership gaps as it relates to applying Transformational Leadership principles towards change, process improvement and transformational efforts. As a result of observations taken of the Fresno, CA Urban renewal effort and transformational projects supported within the Department of Defense, the research provided in this project results in the first industry recognized Transformational Leadership and ProcessRead MoreProject: Fast Food Automated Ordering System17025 Words   |  69 Pages: System structure diagram; functional flow block diagram; requirement traceability matrix. 6. System-Level Design Purpose : Create the system-level design. Topics : Map chunks of behavior onto the system structure; sequence diagrams. 7. Design Structure Matrix (DSM) Purpose : Applying DSM to system decomposition and Integration Problems ..... Topics : Activity Based Design Structure Matrix 8. Tradeoff Analysis Purpose : Create framework for trade-off analysis for selection of componentsRead MoreUniversity Campus Network Design8246 Words   |  33 PagesCAMPUS NETWORK DESIGN | Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgement Declaration 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Project Scope 3.1. The physical size of the campus (locations of buildings departments) 3.2. The size, number of computer labs number of computers (locations) 3.3. The number of staff and their categories 3.4. The faculties and the number of students 3.5. The Servers, Databases, Applications 3.6. Further considerations included in the project scope, 4. Network Design AnalysisRead MoreTeaching Struggling Adolescent Readers4531 Words   |  19 Pages decoding, and comprehension when used in a contextual framework. If this is so, then which of the proven practice intervention programs truly offer the most benefit for struggling students? I have learned that there are five researched-based principles that should be used when evaluating the interventions for struggling adolescent readers (Fisher Ivey, 2006). As a special education and Title I teacher for the past four years I am often asked what intervention programs and/or strategies

An Exploration to the Combination between Artificial Intelligence and Traditional Chinese Medicine free essay sample

1. Introduction Beginning with Emperor Yan, followed by Shen Nong tested a hundred varieties of herbs, then operationsand powder for anesthesia invented by Hua Tuo, to the which is written by Li Shizhen. TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine) is changing in a visible way while some other trades are replaced by AI(Artificial Intelligence). The society is advancing and transforming fast. It is important for the obsolete professions to reconcile and fuse with new technologies.Traditional Chinese Medicine, is a style of traditional medicine built on a foundation of more than 2500 years of Chinese medical practice that includes various forms of herbal medicines, acupuncture, massage, exercise and dietary therapy. Artificial Intelligence, is apparently intelligent behaviors by machines, rather than the natural intelligence of humans and other animals. When people see doctors of TCM, they go for the old ones because of their experience, this lead to a lack of experience to the young ones and result in a higher possibility of false diagnosis. Doctors of TCM get skills from their master who work as a doctor of TCM for a long time. However, there may be some faults during the knowledge passing. On the other hand, AI do not forget or have any mistakes. Treatments will be much more individuation and can prevent the happening of illness but not treat them after it happens. This essay will first introduce the AI TCM doctors as well as compare them with the human ones, then analyze data that collected in the form of questionnaires, and finally predict the future of AI and TCM. 2. Literature Overview 2.1 Artificial Intelligence in Medicine(AIIM) I will briefly start with the meaning of ‘medicine’ itself, the term Medicine is defined by Merriam Webster as the science and art dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention, alleviation, or cure of disease. In the early days of AI in medicine, the biggest challenge was the modeling of knowledge and of reasoning techniques for the purpose of supporting tasks as diagnosis, therapy, and monitoring[2]. However, in present, the major challenge is the intelligent exploitation of heterogeneous data, including demographic data, temporal clinical and health data, biomedical signals and images, genetic data, bimolecular data, clinical pathway data, social network data. Knowledge related to these data is valuable and multifaceted for computer/AI to do deep study. In this direction, intelligent(information) systems become a key-element to support decision-based and data intensive tasks as diagnosis, therapy, prevention, monitoring of patient populations, care quality assurance, and healthcare policy assessment and definition. [3] In spite of the shift in focus toward data-intensive applications that provide ad-hoc information for medical decision-based tasks, the ultimate objective is still the same, namely to support care providers in reaching the best possible decisions for any patient at the right time, to help them see through the consequences of their decisions/actions, and to improve and widen their knowledge and comprehension of clinical phenomena. 2.2 The role of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicine The essence of practicing medicine has been obtaining as much data about the patient’s health or disease as possible and making decisions based on that. Physicians have had to rely on their experience, judgement, and problem-solving skills while using rudimentary tools and limited resources. Instead of developing treatments for populations and making the same medical decisions based on a few similar physical characteristics among patients, medicine has shifted toward prevention, personalization, and precision. These cannot be done without AI. [7] 2.3 AI in Clinical practice The AI research branch of the search giant, Google, launched its DeepMind Health project, which is used to mine the data of medical records in order to provide better and faster health services. In 2016, they launched a cooperative project with the Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust to improve eye treatment [4]. IBM Watson launched its special program for oncologists to provide clinicians with evidence-based treatment options.[5] A Dutch company, Zorgprisma Publiek, analyzes the digital invoices of hospitals and insurance companies and uses IBM Watson in the cloud to mine the data. They can tell if a doctor, clinic, or hospital makes mistakes repetitively in treating a certain type of condition in order to help them improve and avoid unnecessary hospitalization of patients [6]. This is exactly what AI doctors are, this kind of analyzing technology is used in many different trades. 2.4 The Modern TCM with AI Started from 1980s’, Chinese scientists had tried to use AI in TCM. However the technology back then was not that advanced yet, experts could only build a limited knowledge base like an encyclopedia, those AI could not do any inventive diagnosis or prescript. The first generation of AI TCM doctor end unsuccessfully. [8] In recent years, modern technologies allow scientists to make some more advanced AI doctors. After the first failed, Chinese experts change a way to build AI TCM doctors. AlphaGo won top Go players because of the large amount of knowledge an information, which is called ‘big data’. Big data allow AI to store informations they need to do their jobs. However, an AI TCM doctor cannot be used with only big data, it also needs deep learning. Deep learning is part of a broader family of machine learning methods based on learning data representations, as opposed to task-specific algorithms. Learning can be supervised, semi-supervised or unsupervised. The more AI learn, the more they are ‘smarter’. AI TCM doctors are mainly in a computer. They can give diagnosis to a patient through his/her heart beat, outlook, expressions and tell the human doctor. Human doctors will also analyze whether the prescript is perfect for the patient to use. This is how an AI TCM doctor works. 3. Methodology Questionnaires will be spread out in both friend circles of my mother and me. Data will be collected through Internet with many details. Research samples are about 50 people from all ages with different educational background, most of them are from Guangzhou. Guangzhou is one of the most developed cities in China, which exists both conventional and modern cultures that allow people to understand more about traditional Chinese ‘science’ as well as the modern technology. Five questions will be included in the questionnaire, varieties of questions will be in the questionnaire. Key questions which are more useful to the article will be analyzed. Data that collected from the questionnaire will be show by different kinds of charts. The answers I expected is that answerers can choose and write answers which is value and useful to the research. 4. Outcomes and Value: 4.1 How often do you go to see a TCM doctor? go when get ill 57% go once or twice for half a year 13% never pay any visit to a TCM doctor 11% other possibilities 20% The first question is showed above. As we can see from the data, more than half of the answerers go to see a TCM doctor when they are sick. Around 10% of them had never pay any visit to a TCM doctor. The graph tells me that most of people have no conscious that the purpose of a TCM doctor is not to cure a patient, but to nurse healths of people. There is another appliance in TCM doctors of AI is a monitor which can judge health of a person when he/she is looking in to a mirror or singing a song, it is like a daily health insurance. 4.2 What type of TCM doctors would you like to see when you go to see a TCM doctors? experienced ones77% not experienced ones1% whatever 11% never pay any visit to a TCM doctor11% The pie chart illustrate that almost 80% of the answerers would like to pay a visit to those experienced TCM doctors. At the beginning of the essay, I mentioned that people have a solid thought is that experienced TCM doctors have lower possibilities to make mistake. In fact, experienced ones are actually better, but the young ones have good capability as well. Human make mistakes while AIs do not. They can do precise calculation to avoid mistakes and may give the same or better diagnosis and prescript than human ones. So, AI TCM doctors can used as a main doctor as well as an assistant of TCM doctors. The research I did might can introduced the concept of AI TCM doctor to a part of people, to tell them that AI TCM doctor is no longer so far away from us. The research can also spread TCM ideas, to let people remind what they have left behind them. In my opinion, traditional science should not be abandoned, their existence and wide-ranging among people is reasonable. In present, the way to make TCM alive is to fuse with AI, to help and serve people in a better way. 5. Limitations The number of the sample might be a boundary that is not enough to represent. What is more, the time of the research is not that enough. Besides, the samples are not that clear or professional with both AI and TCM, for example, old ones might not know about new technology such as AI while young ones do not pay a visit to a TCM doctor for a long time. As a consequence, answers they answered may not be useful or valuable to analyze. The culture is disappearing rapidly and some of them might have been swallowed by the new technologies. That is why we have to protect them while they are hugging the modern world to improve themselves as well as stay alive. References [1] Merriam Webster Dictionary, merriam-webster.com/, [accessed 04.01.17. [2] Patel VL, Shortliffe EH, Stefanelli M, Szolovits P, Berthold MR, Bellazzi R, Abu-Hanna A. The coming of age of artificial intelligence in medicine. Artif Intell Med 2009;46(1):5–17, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2008.07.017. [3] Carlo Combi.Editorial from the new Editor-in-Chief: Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and the forthcoming challenges[J].Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.2017,76:37-39. [4] Moorfields announces research partnership [Internet]. Accessed online on the 25th of July, 2017 from: moorfields.nhs. uk/news/moorfields-announces-research-partnership [5] Motzer RJ, Barrios CH, Kim TM, et al. Piloting IBM Watson Oncology within Memorial Sloan Kettering’s regional network. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2014;32(25):2765–2772. Available from: meeting. ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/15_suppl/e17653?sid= ad2b6d30-ec22-453b-8a8c-67c23fbd7f85%5Cnovidsp.ovid. com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JSPAGE=referenceD=emed12NEWS= NAN=71523844 [6] Zorgprisma Publiek [Internet]. Accessed online on the 25th of July, 2017 from: https: www.zorgprismapubliek.nl/ [7]Bertalan Mesko.The role of artificial intelligence in precision medicine[J].Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development.2017,2(5):239-241. [8],,.[J]..2017,(24):2076-2079,2106. Appendix wjx.cn/jq/20845678.aspx

Explain and evaluate claims made by linguistic relativists regarding the relationship between language, thought and culture free essay sample

The relationship between language, culture and thought has been a controversial discussion over decades. Many linguists and thinkers have argued that language lead to large differences in culture and thoughts. Some argue that language controls people’s view and thought of the world, where language embodies worldview, and some argue the otherwise. Language, culture and thought may always refer as together, but any one of them implies the other two. In this essay, I am going to focus on linguistic relativism and I will evaluate claims made by linguistic relativists. Linguistic relativism is a weaker interpretation of linguistic determinism. It is â€Å"a window through which to view the cognitive process, not as an absolute. It’s set forth to be used in looking at a phenomenon differently than one usually would. † (Badhesha, 2001) Linguistic categorize and usage influence thought and certain kinds of non-linguistic behavior. Linguistic relativity hypothesis has always been a controversial and serious topic. In late-eighteenth and early nineteenth century, Boas claimed that there’s no intrinsic relationship between culture and language. (Boas, 1911) Acquainted with Boas, Edward Sapir was impressed with Boas’ statement. Later, he proposed a theory which becomes the most famous attempt in demonstrating relationship between language, culture and thoughts, â€Å"Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis† (Whorfian Hypothesis). The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis can be broken into two simple concepts: Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativism. Linguistic determinism holds a stronger view. It refers to â€Å"the concept that what is said has only some effect on how concepts are recognized by the mind†, â€Å"A strict view that what is said is directly responsible for what is seen by the mind. † (Badhesha, 2002) This stronger point is supported by Sapir. Sapir: â€Å"language and culture are not intrinsically associated† but â€Å"language and our thought-grooves are inextricably interwoven, [and] are, in a sense, one and the same† (1921: 228, 232) Sapir believes that language and culture are not explicitly related but language, culture and thoughts are interwoven that cannot be unwoven each other. Sapir also expressed his view that language affects how we perceive the world, â€Å"Even comparatively simple acts of perception are very much more at the mercy of the social patterns called words than we might suppose. †¦ We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. † (1929, p. 210) Sapir here explained that language determines our thoughts and culture, it affects our views of the world and culture is a product of language. Sapir’s student, Benjamin Lee Whorf supported and made his theory stronger. Whorf’s claims are both to the extreme, strongest but to the weaker and more cautious at the same time. The extreme perspective is linguistic determinism, where the weaker is linguistic relativism. In fact, linguistic relativism is widely spread through Whorf’s work. Whorf: â€Å"The background linguistic system of each language is not merely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper of ideas. † (1940, â€Å"Science and Linguistics,† Technology Review 42: 229-31, 247-8) In this quote, Whorf proposed the stronger form where language determines thought, language shapes our ideas. â€Å"The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which have to be organized largely by the linguistic systems in our minds. † (Whorf, 1940a:231) This is a weaker form where Whorf argue that the world is somehow under the influence of our linguistic systems. Both in stronger and weaker form, Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis argue that our thoughts, ideas, behavior and culture are under the influence of language. This hypothesis is supported with evidence. Perception of colors is one of the obvious evidence that support language influences our thoughts. Different languages has their way to encode and categorize colors, in English, there are sixteen basic colors and common two color terms â€Å"dark† and â€Å"light†. However, Russian has different words to distinguish light blue (boluboy) and dark blue (siniy). When Russian and English speakers are put to a test to discriminate the two blue colors, Russian is found to be better at it. As Russian perceive the two blue colors as different colors unlike English speakers who categorize it as blue generally. In both English and Chinese, when giving directions verbally, we tend to use â€Å"left† and â€Å"right† instead of E/W/S/N, this is also true in many other languages. However, Kuuk Thaayorra (aboriginal language spoken in Queensland, Australia), they use E/W/S/N to represent â€Å"left† and â€Å"right†, e. g. when they refer to right hand, they may say east hand. Their perception of the world differs from us due to the use of direction terms. To them, the world needs to include precise orientations. This is an example of perception of space which display language affects our perceptions and thoughts. Grammatical feature is another proof of language affects our culture. Whorf asserts that â€Å"users of markedly different grammars are pointed by their grammar towards different types of observations†¦ and hence are not equivalent as observers but must arrive at somewhat different views of the world† (Whorf 1940b:61) Whorf suggested that speakers of different languages will think about the world differently. Hopi language (aboriginal language spoken in Arizona) is early evidence to Whorfian Hypothesis on language and thought. In Hopi language system, they don’t have tenses such as –ed, -ing, -s in SAE [1], they have different perspective of time from SAE speakers. Also, in Hopi, the concept of time cannot be counted and talked like a physical quantity. Language also affects and reflects our culture and values. In Hong Kong, we refer to relatives in different terms, not only â€Å"aunt/uncle†, â€Å"cousins† unlike English. For example, we have different terms for cousins that are older and younger than us, e. g. â€Å"biu-gor† (older male cousin), â€Å"biu-mui† (younger female cousin). It reflects the hierarchy and projects the importance of respecting senior in Chinese family. We can see that Chinese family, including families in Hong Kong divides and identifies its members. For Chinese people, they perceive seniors as people to respect. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is the idea that the language that person speaks will affect their perception of the world and accordingly their behavior and culture. In stronger form, language determines the way we think and what we are capable to think of where as linguistic relativity; the weaker form indicates that our thoughts and culture are under the influence of language. Although there are more and more scientific and real life examples that support Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, anthropologists and linguists still argues weather the hypothesis is too strong or not today. Many argue that instead of language determining our thoughts and culture, they are in fact inter-related and none of them should be dominating the other two. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has received criticism over the years, and it summed up to be three main criticisms, the idea of causality, the methods and translations. While Whorf and Sapir claimed that language affects our perception of the world and the formation of our cultures. Both of them didn’t include the evolution of language, what made up our language, the cultural values that may have been included while setting language system. It is possible that cultural values that might have developed language helped the way we perceive the world. Humboldt (late 18th century) also questioned Sapir-Whorf’s hypothesis, â€Å"The spiritual traits and the structure of the language of a people are so intimately blended that, given either of the two, one should be able to derive the other from it†¦ language is their spirit, and their spirit is their language; it is difficult to imagine any two things more identical. † He also questioned the causality of such hypothesis. Whether if language is the spirit of thoughts and culture or the otherwise. He claims that it is uncertain which one should be derives and to be the spirit of the others. Another obvious criticism is the methods Whorf’s methods. Some believed that Whorf deliberately translated Hopi language in a certain way to support his own hypothesis, to emphasis another thinking system. Linguists, Steven Pinker accused Whorf’s method with strong attitude, â€Å"No one is really sure how Whorf came up with his outlandish claims, but his limited, badly analyzed sample of Hopi speech and his long-term leanings towards mysticism must have helped. † (Pinker, 1994) He also overthrown Whorf’s claim of Hopi people has different perception of time as â€Å"anthropologist Malotki (1983) has found that the Hopi do have a concept of time very similar to ours. † (Neil Parr-Davies, 2001) Translation is another criticism of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Many critics raised the question, if our thoughts are really affected and determined by language, then presumably certain concepts would only be understandable to people that shared the same language. That suggested that if the hypothesis is entirely true, Whorf would have been failed to understand Hopi people’s concept, needless to say even to understand their first thought. Although criticisms are raised against Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, there are more evidence and claims that support it even in modern days. In fact, psycholinguistic have been studying far beyond perception of color and Hopi language currently, it has been studying and discovering more evidence in modern days such as emotion perception, memory etc. Modern famous researchers like Lera Boroditsky, John A. Lucy believe in Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, that language indeed influences thoughts, however in relatively narrow ways. I agree the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis to a large extent. I believe language does influence our thoughts and perceptions of the world. Recently, I have been studying different accents in the world and discovered that it is evidence supporting the linguistic relativists. For example, if someone speaks English in BBC accents or Queen’s English, we would immediately refer them coming from higher social status in Britain. Indeed, our perception can be easily affected by the trivial elements in language as accents. Even nowadays, there are more and more evidence that prove linguistic relativists; we cannot deny the fact that language does somehow shape our daily thoughts and life. Language changes the way we see different culture, it can reflect a certain culture and background of people. Taking Soviet Ukraine as an example, as the prices and supply of product was centrally controlled, they were very cheap and hard to find, and instead of saying â€Å"What are they selling? † they ask, â€Å"Shcho dajut? †(What are they giving? ). Through the language, we can see the cultural values and background of a country, allowing us to understand and perceive different cultures. Nonetheless, I disagree to a small extent as I believe, on one hand, language may shape our thoughts and culture; on the other hand, our culture and thoughts also shape language. Language may act as a tool merely reflecting our thoughts and culture. Under patriarchy and stereotyping, many European countries referred male as a stronger, rational and more dynamic member of the society while female were emotional, silent and subtle one. Leading European languages like French, Spanish are some examples that reflect social stereotyping under patriarchal influence. In French, almost all sport and daylight activities are referred as male, â€Å"le soleil† (the sun) while almost all night time activities are referred as female, â€Å"la lune† (the moon). Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is a powerful and leading linguistic theory that suggests the relationship between language, culture and thoughts. It can be interpreted as linguistic determinism and relativism; it remains arguable and controversial whether this hypothesis is too strong. Much evidence arises even until today supporting the hypothesis. It is inevitable that every hypothesis receives criticism, but I truly believe the reason why Whorfianism is still being studied today is because we can never deny the influence of language on our thoughts and culture. Language may not be the one the strongly defines our perception and values, but it does affects us in our everyday life.