ACS, ASA, CSE, IEEE, AAA, and AIP on BibMe!

ACS, ASA, CSE, IEEE, AAA, and AIP on ! Attention Researchers: ACS, ASA, CSE, IEEE, AAA, and AIP on ! Focus on your research. You shouldn’t have to worry about formatting citations. Are you writing a research paper that requires a lesser known citation style?   supports  many CSL styles that you may not have known about. ACS – American Chemical Society The American Chemical Society (ACS) style is  most commonly used for research papers within the field of chemistry.   provides both the in-text citation and the reference list citation for ACS style.   For a full guide, check out the Williams College Libraries.   To generate  an ACS citation quickly and easily, try the ACS generator. ASA (American Sociological Association) Created by the American Sociological Association, ASA is the format of choice for many research papers within the study of sociology.   For a full reference guide on ASA styling, you can consult the  Trinity University guide.   To generate  an ACS citation quickly and easily, try the ASA generator. CSE – Council of Science Editors CSE style is also known as the Council of Biology Editors (CBE) Style.   There are three variations (Read more about that on the University of Wisconsin CSE Documentation page).   provides an extremely easy to use Citation-Name style  CSE generator. IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a professional association that created the IEEE citation style for various sources on Engineering.   Use the IEEE citation generator along with the official guide. AAA – American Anthropological Association The American Anthropological Association (AAA) uses a variation of the Chicago Style.   For a full reference guide, use the AAA website.   To quickly generate an AAA citation, use ’s AAA generator. American Institute of Physics The American Institute of Physics (AIP) published its first style manual in 1951.   The format has been prevalent among Physics journals ever since.   Read the style manual for publishers  on the AIP Website, or check out the AIP Generator.

Movie Mania essays

Movie Mania essays Its six oclock Friday evening, and you have no solid plans since you and your significant other just had a big fight. You are frustrated and feel that you just need to get out before you explode. Your solution: the moviesthe only place you can escape from the realties of life for the next two hours. As you plan to leave your humble abode, you realize that you are faced with yet another dilemma about which movie to see. You are not sure if you are in the mood for a suspense-filled, action-packed high-speed thriller; a mushy, lovey-dovey romantic picture; a hot, raunchy sex filled drama; or a bone-breaking, heart-wrenching violence-packed flick. However, there is one thing that you are certain of: for the modern movie audience speed, romantic sex, illicit sex, and violence sell. Movies containing fast cars and speed pump up the viewers adrenaline. When you watch the movie, you feel as though you are the actors and can get away with breaking the law. Unlike most fast-car movies, Gone in 60 Seconds actually has a plot. Nicholas Cage, a reformed car thief, and Angelina Jolie, his love interest, are forced to steal fifty cars in eleven hours to save his brothers life. Of course, the $200,000 profit is a plus. Because our hero is an unwilling criminal, he is morally blameless. And the viewer can enjoy his high-speed escapades with a clear conscience. Another movie, Fast and Furious, contains nothing but pure adrenaline and racing with souped-up Honda Civics with $30,000 engines. Since the hero is an undercover cop, he races with impunity-hes the good guy having all this fun! Romantic movies sell because when you watch them you don t have to worry about lots of action or excessive special effects, but these films will have you reaching for your Kleenexs and blotting your eyes. For instance, the movie The Best ...

Christianity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Christianity - Assignment Example An eye for an eye meant an actual eye for an eye. The Pharisees felt the oral tradition could be interpreted as an eye could be replaced for the value of the eye. Although both the Sadducees and Pharisees fought against each other, both group groups disapproved of Jesus. Both believed in one God. Jesus was preaching that He was the Messiah. Instead of the law that both Sadducees and Pharisees believed in, Jesus was preaching forgiveness and love. While the Sadducees did not believe in an afterlife, the Pharisees thought the way to heaven was by following the law. When Jesus tore down the money changer tables in the Temple, both groups decried him as a sacrilege. Jesus came preaching new concepts that the Jews did not want to listen to at the time. I believe the pivotal event in the emergence of Christianity between Jesus’ death and the end of the Roman Empire was the conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine I. I think if any other Roman Emperor such as Caligula, Nero, or any other save for Constantine had promoted Christianity than Christianity would have remained a cult and not grown. However since Constantine I had many military victories and his greatness helped promote Christianity. In Catholicism anyone baptized is saved. Children are baptized as soon as possible to save their immortal soul. This practice uses baptism as a way to be saved. On the other hand, Calvinists believe only someone who has accepted Jesus in their heart should be baptized. A preacher must talk and be convinced of the individual’s sincerity. This type of baptism is used to show they have been saved. For a Calvinist to submit to a baptism and not be saved only infuriates God. It would be better to be saved and not baptized than be unsaved and baptized. Two theological issues that caused the Reformation was King Henry VIII declaring himself not under the authority of the Pope. Henry became head of the new English Church. The second theological issue was the Bible. The

Job analysis & job evaluation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Job analysis & job evaluation - Term Paper Example The globe nowadays is growing at a rampant rate and has come under development and expansion in every field of life whether it is social,economic,environmental,or political. The advancement in technologies has left an indelible imprint on the world of commerce where competition has become the significant aspect for all the businesses and corporations The trends of the recent years also portray that companies are confronting challenges at an unprecedented rate and in order to stay in the market and generate profits, they need to work in an effective and efficient manner. A corporation comprises of many internal departments or divisions such as finance, human resource, sales, marketing and many more on which the company’s structure rests. The department that is of prime importance for any organization is its human resource division, which focuses on employee management. The human resource management arena includes several procedures, methods, practices, and courses of actions th at come under the basis of rules, regulations, and policies of the department (Aswathappa, 2005). The data or the information related to â€Å"job duties, responsibilities, tasks, environment, and essential and required skills and abilities that are in need to perform the job comes under identification and determination by the HR personnel† (Aswathappa, 2005). ... Whereas, looking at the other end of the spectrum, job evaluation is the process that assesses the value and worth of the position or job in the employment industry, than an organization creates. Job description is the elementary and fundamental aspect for the evaluation of a job. As an outcome of job evaluation, the salary structure comes under assignment to the employee. The job evaluation focuses and aims to provide people with a fair, unbiased, and impartial ground for all the jobs. One of the prime chores of job evaluation is to set up and develop hierarchy and structure in the organization, based on job requirements and specifications. Pay structure’s foundation lays on job structure. Through internal consistency in job structures, HR personnel are able to identify and distinguish the discrepancies in job characteristics as job descriptions are the basis of it (Aswathappa, 2005). Compensation is another element of an HR function. Compensation is the worth of the work car ried out that, an employee gets in return, not only in the form of monetary reward but also in the form of financial returns, substantial services, and other employment relationship benefits. While establishing a compensation strategy HR personnel evaluates the association of compensation to the business strategies, external environment and internal HR circumstances and based on it they formulate the strategic compensation positions. In addition, the HR personnel analyze the gaps by making a comparison between objectives and the actual strategic positions. Once the HR personnel identify the gap, they then design compensation programs in order to overcome those gaps, and pursue it. The HR subdivision of the company develops the compensation programs that must maximum comply with

Nature of capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nature of capitalism - Essay Example Capitalism is highly accepted in modern society so it is hard to understand its unethical effects in the society. It can be observed only with correspondence to other societies who does not have a capitalist based economic system. Capitalism can lead growth and help in nation’s development but it has several adverse affects according to studies by professionals. A capitalist based society can lead to unfair rights to citizens and hence it creates imbalance in the society. According to a leading philosopher Karl Marx, means of production should not be owned privately as it gives unfair amount of power to capitalists. The owner of means of production can suppress other individuals with low power and end of being rulers. This observation of Karl Marx has significant importance as it is clearly visible in the economic system of modern society. Capitalism leads to less rights and importance to ordinary citizens compared to high profile citizens. This type of unfair rights and inequality is not a very good picture in the modern society. There is an important observation taken from the theory of one of the founders of capitalism, Adam Smith. According to Adam, capitalism is beneficial to everyone in a society that rises from a profit making motive and selfishness. This argument is sufficient enough to show that capitalism is unethical for the society. The moral value in a society goes for a toss with rise of capitalism and society gets divided into two parts the upper class and the lower class (Cudd and Holmstrom 66). This kind of division is not supportive for moral values and ethics in the modern society and in turn leads to inflation, loss of jobs, insufficient workers compensation. In a capitalistic society there is less influence of Government. In addition to this, less-efficient workers lose their jobs without proper c ircumstances. Growing power in hands of capitalists is not good for middle and lower class people in any situation.

Heart transplant: An overview

Heart transplant: An overview Introduction Heart transplant is a transplant procedure surgery where the malfunctioning heart or end-stage heart-related disease are replaced by a function heart. Indeed, this is a very complicated, risky and time-consuming operation since it needs a function heart from the person who has just died and implant it into the patient. It is usually done in emergencies and to find a donor heart is difficult. Have you ever thought of how was the first heart transplant done? Who was actually the first person in the world that conducted this sound seemed â€Å"impossible† surgery? Who was the first courageous patient who willing to put his life in such a great risk? And have you ever wondered how exciting it would be to cause a breakthrough in medical world that could end up saving millions of lives from all over the world? This great success was from a heart surgeon, Dr. Christiaan (Neethling) Barnard from South Africa. He was the first person who carried out a human-to-human heart transplant on December 3, 1967 in Cape Town, South Africa. It was done at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town on Louis Washkansky, a South African grocer who would most certainly die without the heart transplant. Meanwhile, the donor was from a young woman, Denise Darvell who was killed in an accident. The heart transplant surgery had surprised the whole world. Dr. Christiaan (Neethling) Barnard also became a well-known heart surgeon overnight. Besides heart transplant, he had other astonishing achievement in kidney transplant and gastrointestinal pathology. Dr. Barnard is also attributed in mounting a new design for artificial heart valves, doing heart transplanting on animals, and correcting the problem of the blood supply to the fetus during pregnancy. With the efforts of Dr. Barnard and his surgical team, the survival rates of 50% of the patients to at least 5 years of living after heart surgery. Background of Christiaan Barnard Christiaan Barnard was born in Beaufort West, Union of South Africa on 8 November 1922.[1] His father, Adam Barnard was a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church for the mixed race population of the town. When he was a child, he always pumped the bellows of the churchs primitive organ which his mother played during services. After a long time, he told a joke that the heart was not the first organ he had had to deal with in his life. One of his four brothers, Abrahim died at the age of five because of the heart problem. After that incident, Barnard determined to be a surgeon to help people who faced heart problem since he was young. Christiaan Barnard came from a very poor family and he studied at the local public school. He matriculated from the Beaufort West School in 1940. After that, Barnard got a place at the University of Cape Town Medical School. He obtained Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in medicine at the University of Cape Town in 1946. He worked as a general practitioner in Ceres, South Africa when he was a resident doctor at the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. In 1951, he returned to Cape Town and worked as a Senior Resident Medical Officer at the City Hospital. Besides, he was also a registrar in the Department of Medicine at the Groote Schuur Hospital. Since Christiaan Barnard was interested in his research and gaining a new surgical skills and experiences, he furthered his postgraduate studies at the University of Cape Town and at the University of Minnesota. He acquired Master of Medicine in medicine for a dissertation entitled Meningitis† from the University of Cape Town in 1953[2] whereas he was awarded Doctor of Philosophy degree for his dissertation entitled The aetiology of congenital intestinal atresia at the University of Minnesota. [3]After that, he went back to South Africa to be a cardiothoracic heart surgeon. Before he left for America (1953-1955), Barnard had gained recognition for research in gastrointestinal pathology. He proved that the fatal birth defect known as congenital intestinal atresia (a gap in the small intestines) was due to the fetus receiving an inadequate supply of blood during pregnancy and that it could be remedied by a surgical procedure. [4] He was a specialist in cardiothoractic surgery and heart transplantation. His first successful open heart surgery program is at Groote Shuur Hospital. In 1967, he led a team to perform in the worlds first human-to-human heart transplant. Barnard was contributed the treatment of cardiac diseases, such as the Tetralogy of Fallot and Ebsteins anomaly. In 1972, he was promoted to be Professor of Surgical Science in the Department of Surgery at the University Of Cape Town. He got an appellation Professor Emeritus in 1984. Christiaan Barnards advances in heart surgery brought him honors from a host of foreign medical societies, governments, universities, and philanthropic (charitable) institutions. He had also been presented many honors, including the Dag Hammarskjold International Prize and Peace Prize, the Kennedy Foundation Award, and the Milan International Prize for Science. Since 1960, Christiaan Barnard had been bothered by rheumatoid arthritis (a severe swelling of the joints). This limited his surgical experimentation in later years. As a result, he turned to writing novels as well as books on health, medicine, and South Africa. At the same time, he also served as a scientific consultant. Christiaan Barnard died on September 2, 2001, when he was seventy-eight years old. Contributions of Christiaan Barnard in Science Doctor Barnard with some of his medical team 1. Proof Of The Fatal Birth Defect Christiaan Barnard showed that the fatal birth defect that was known as congenital intestinal atresia was a gap in the small intestines. The fetus did not receive sufficient blood during pregnancy cause the defect.[5] This research made him being recognised in gastrointestinal pathology which is about intestinal diseases. Besides, he also proved that surgical procedure could treat this condition. 2. Heart Transplantation Christiaan Barnard was a pioneering cardiac surgeon but his advances were based on work that came before him. The first use of hypothermia in 1952 and the introduction of a heart-lung machine in 1953 were crucial important for his advances. In 1960, these advances which combined with other techniques enabled him to undergo the first heart operation. Ø The First Heart Transplantation Preparation for the first heart transplant Upon he returned to South Africa, he introduced open-heart surgery and designed artificial valves for the human heart. During 1967, in the preparation for the first heart transplantation, he spent 3 months with the pioneer kidney transplant surgeon who was David Hume in Richmond, Virginia and another 2 weeks with Thomas Starzl in Denver, Colorado. He learnt the basics of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation from these attachments. Furthermore, he got the chance to watch an orthotopic heart transplant on a dog which was performed by Richard Lower, head of cardiac surgery when he was at the Medical College of Virginia. Lower spent many years with Norman Shumway at Stanford University to develop, perfect the surgical technique and study other kinds of experimental heart transplantation. In addition, Christiaan Barnard underwent a single kidney transplant in Cape Town was to gain some experience about immunosuppressive therapy. The patient did exceptionally well. Therefore, Barnard claimed that he was the only kidney transplant surgeon in the world with a 100% 20-year patient and graft survival. The First Patient—Louis Washkansky Making history: The First Patient Louis Washkansky After a decade of heart surgery, Christiaan Barnard was ready to accept the challenge posed by the human heart transplantation. In 1967, he performed the first human-to-human orthotopic heart transplant in his patient, Louis Washkansky who was a fifty four years old patient, suffering from extensive coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease and also diabetic. He could either wait for death or risk transplant surgery with an 80% chance of surviving. He at last chose the surgery. As Barnard wrote, For a dying man it is not a difficult decision because he knows he is at the end. If a lion chases you to the bank of a river filled with crocodiles, you will leap into the water convinced you have a chance to swim to the other side. But you would never accept such odds if there were no lion. [6] On December 2, 1967, Washkanskys heart was replaced by the heart of a young woman killed in an accident. Barnards assistants immediately opened the chest, initiated pump-oxygenator support, cooled the heart to a low temperature, and excised it once medicolegal official announced that the young woman was dead. The heart was kept alive in a heart-lung machine that circulated Washkanskys blood before removing the patients diseased organ and replacing it with the healthy heart. All the procedures were run well and the heart functioned satisfactorily by using the technique which was developed in dogs by the Stanford group[7]. Washkanskys daily progress was followed intensely. In the beginning, he recovered very well. His peripheral edema was lost rapidly as his new heart functioned strongly. However, after 12 days, his condition started to deteriorate and his lungs were developed radiographic infiltrates. The surgical team was not sure if these were associated with cardiac failure from rejection or with infection. Mistakenly, they elected to treat for rejection and intensify the immunosuppressive therapy. They made a wrong decision because Washkansky had pneumonia. As a result, Louis Washkansky died on December 21, 1967. Ø The second patient—Philip Blaiberg Not daunted by the failure, within a year, Christiaan Barnard replaced the diseased heart of Philip Blaiberg who was a fifty eight years old retired dentist. On this occasion, Barnard slightly modified the surgical technique. The incision in the right atrium of the donor heart was extended from the inferior vena cava into the atrial appendage to avoid the area of the sinus node at the root of the superior vena cava.[8] This is the first time when antilymphocyte serum was used in the patient. After heart transplantation, Blaiberg recovered well and he was the first heart transplant patient who can leave hospital. Nevertheless, he died on the 19th month. His autopsy showed that he infected a severe and widespread coronary artery disease. The medical profession was shocked because he had not expected that atherosclerosis could develop such rapidly. This was the first example of graft atherosclerosis, otherwise known as chronic rejection that now dominates as the major cause of graft failure after the first post transplant year. Blaiberg wrote a short book about his experience which was Looking At My Heart[9] before he died. Ø Twin-Heart Operation Christiaan Barnard performed a twin-heart surgery in the year 1974, November 25 as the history of medical had been changed by him again. The only infected part of heart of Ivan Taylor (58 years old) was being removed and replaced with the heart of a child who was only 10 years old. The heart of the child was used to support the patients diseased organ. Although Barnard was confident in this new operation since this was less dangerous compared to the heart implantation, the patient passed away in four- month time. Double transplants was included in twin-heart operation by combining a well heart to the patients heart to produce a double pump, manipulating synthetic heart valves and making the lives of seriously ill people longer by using monkeys hearts. Ø Orthotopic heart transplantation Barnards medical team had only performed ten orthotopic heart transplants between the year 1967 and 1973.[10] The results were outstanding even though the medical standards last time were not as high as todays, as one considers the ancient nature of the immunosuppressive therapy accessible at the time which are mainly azathioprine, corticosteroids, and antilymphocyte serum, and the team was not expert enough in diagnosing and treating rejection episodes since they did not have many experiences in these aspects. Dirk Van Zyl who was the sixth patient was notable in orthotopic heart transplant. His ischemic heart disease was too bad that he had a cardiac arrest when he was anesthesia.[11] At the time of giving external cardiac massage, he was attached to the pump-oxygenator via cannulation of the femoral vessels. He made an ordinary healing from the heart transplant surgery. He did not receive any cyclosporine, only being maintained on azathioprine and prednisone. He died when he was 24 years old from a cerebrovascular accident. Ø Heterotopic heart transplantation Jaques Losman, a junior surgeon, was being set by Barnard on his team in order to develop a surgical technique of heterotopic heart transplantation. This is a kind of transplantation where the second heart is located in the chest and the two hearts have the chance to work in parallel. There are two techniques were successfully developed in the laboratory, in one of which the donor heart help the left ventricle only and another in which biventricular support was offered[12]. Only two left ventricular assist procedures were carried out in patients, the remaining processes were related to biventricular assist. Forty-nine following heterotopic heart transplants were done in Cape Town between 1974 and 1983 with rather excellent results for that period. 3 out of the first 5 of patients managed to live more than 10 years. Two 14-year-old boys, both of whom firstly received heterotopic transplants, went through second (orthotopic) heart transplants for joining atherosclerosis, and were thus the first patients in the world to have two donor hearts in their chest at the same time. The first of these two boys stays alive and healthy 20 years more. In the other, the second transplant also finally failed and he underwent a third graft, again in the orthotopic site, and therefore turned into one of the few humans to have had four hearts in his life-time. One of the advantages of heterotopic heart transplantation was that information on the retrenchment of both the recipient and donor left ventricles could be supplied by an outer pulse trace. The changes in the ratio of these two pulses as the donor pulse deteriorating in relation to the recipient pulse, recommended that rejection was happening.[13] Increase immunosuppressive therapy could then be controlled. If there were any doubts, an endomyocardial biopsy could be performed. The other hypothetical benefit is that, in patients with a severe myocarditis, the back-up that given by the transplant might allow the myocarditis to resolve and the patients own heart to recover. In fact, this had happened in one patient, making it feasible to remove the transplanted heart while it developed a fairly acute rejection episode. Ø Xenotransplantation The heterotopic heart is able to provide temporary circulatory support to a failing native heart, in the hope that the native heart would recover, was extended into the realm of xenotransplantation.[14] On two occasions in 1977, when a patients left ventricle failed acutely after routine open heart surgery and when no human donor organ was available, Barnard transplanted an animal heart heterotopically. On the first occasion, a baboon heart was transplanted, but this failed to support the circulation sufficiently, the patient dying some 6 hours after transplantation. In the second patient, a chimpanzee heart successfully maintained life until irreversible rejection occurred 4 days later, the recipients native heart having failed to recover during this period. Barnard abandoned further attempts at xenotransplantation since, in his own words, â€Å"I became too attached to the chimpanzees.†ÃƒËœ Hypothermic perfusion storage of the donor heart A young biochemist working in Barnards department, Winston Wicomb, a hypothermic perfusion system was developed for storing hearts ex vivo for up to 48 hours. It proved possible to remove a baboons heart, store it by hypothermic perfusion for 24 or 48 hours, and then replace it in the original baboon, the baboon having been maintained alive during this period by an orthotopic cardiac allograft. With the success of this storage system in the laboratory, Barnard encouraged his juniors to use it in the clinical transplant program. This phenomenon of delayed function, suggesting temporary depletion of myocardial energy stores, was believed to be related to the fact that, whereas in the baboon experiments the heart had been removed from a healthy anesthetized animal, in the clinical situation the heart had been excised from a brain-dead subject. 3. Books Barnard had been bothered by rheumatoid arthritis since he was young, and advancing stiffness in his hands forced his retirement from surgery in 1983. He took up writing, however, and wrote a cardiology text, a (sometimes sensational) autobiography, and several novels, including a thriller about organ transplants. Christiaan Barnard wrote two autobiographies. His first book, One Life, was published in 1969 and subsequently sold copies worldwide. Some of the proceeds were used to set up the Chris Barnard Fund for research into heart disease and heart transplants in Cape Town. His second autobiography, The Second Life, was published in 1993. Apart from his autobiographies, Dr Barnard also wrote several other books including The Donor, Your Healthy Heart, In The Night Season, The Best Medicine, Arthritis Handbook: How to Live With Arthritis, Good Life Good Death: A Doctors Case for Euthanasia and Suicide, South Africa: Sharp Dissection, 50 Ways to a Healthy Heart and Body Machine.[15] Christiaan Barnard had influenced much in the current scientific knowledge. His first heart transplant done in 1967 had contributed a lot in the knowledge of heart transplant. In December 1967, Dr. Barnard placed the heart of a 25-year-old woman who had died in an auto accident in the chest of Louis Washkansky, a 55-year-old man dying of heart damage. Barnard and his team of cardiac specialists gave the patient large doses of drugs in order to suppress the bodys defense mechanism that would normally reject a foreign organism. However, Washkanskys body was unable to defend itself against infection and only survived for 18 days.[16] However, Washkanskys brave election to be the first heart transplant recipient had proved the technique feasible. After Barnards successful operations, surgeons in Europe and the United States began performing heart transplants, improving upon the procedures first used in South Africa. Despite many failures worldwide in heart transplant, this relative success did much to generate guarded optimism that heart transplantation might eventually become a feasible therapeutic option. Barnard then developed the operation of heterotrophic heart transplantation which had some benefits in the pre-cyclosporine era when immunosuppressive therapy was very limited. In 1981, his group was the first in successfully transporting donor hearts using a hypothermic perfusion storage device. Several studies on the hemodynamic and metabolic sequelae of brain death were carried out in his Departments cardiovascular research laboratories at the University of Cape Town. The concept of hormonal replacement therapy in organ donors was also developed. In the Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, an active heart transplant program still continues. The thrust of clinical activity within the Division and the research within its state-of-the-art cardiovascular research laboratories is now directed towards valvular and ischaemic heart which are common in the African population.[17] Dr. Barnard had learned much of his technique from studying with the Stanford group. This first clinical heart transplantation experience stimulated world-wide notoriety, and many surgeons quickly co-opted the procedure. However, because many patients were dying soon after, the number of heart transplants dropped from 100 in 1968, to just 18 in 1970. It was recognized that the major problem was the bodys natural tendency to reject the new tissues. Advances in tissue typing and immunosuppressant drugs Over the next 20 years, important advances in tissue typing and immunosuppressant drugs allowed more transplant operations to take place and increased patients survival rates. The most notable development in this area was the discovery of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant drug derived from soil fungus, in the mid 1970s. It was the first immunosuppressive drug that allowed the selective immuneregulation of T cells without excessive toxicity. Todays surgical techniques and procedures are more sophisticated. Refinements in patient selection, newer immunosuppressants, better myocardial protection, and the use of right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy to identify rejection have resulted in better survival rates. After his breakthrough, he continued to work with a professional passion that excited the public and frightened his colleagues. He was the first to explore further cardiac techniques. These included double transplants which involved the of joining a healthy heart to the patients to create a double pump, designing artificial heart valves and using monkeys hearts to keep ill people alive. [18] Following the determination of Dr. Barnard, coronary assist devices and mechanical heartsare being developed to perform the functions of live tissues. Since the 1950s, artificial hearts have been under development. A booster pump was first implanted successfully as a temporary assist device in 1966. Barnard made medical history again when he performed a twin-heart operation in 1974, which is seven years after his first heart transplant. This time, he only removed the diseased part of the heart of a 58-year-old man and replaced it with the heart of a 10-year-old child. The donor heart acted as a booster and back-up for the patients disease-ravished organ.[19] However, the patient died within four months even though Barnard was optimistic about this new operation which he believed was less radical than a total implantation. Conclusion Barnard retired as Head of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Cape Town in 1983 after developing rheumatoid arthritis in his hands, which prevented him from operating. At the time of his retirement, Barnard investigated the controversial â€Å"rejuvenation† therapy offered by the Clinique La Prairie in Switzerland. In particular, he received considerable adverse publicity over his comments with regard to an anti-ageing skin cream, known as Glycel, which was intended to reduce wrinkling. Barnard was also invited to act as a consultant at Baptist Medical Center in Oklahoma City where a new heart transplant program was being planned. In later life spending much of his time at the Baptist Medical Centre in Oklahoma, where he tried to find a way of slowing the ageing process. It seemed he was searching for a miracle to match his first. Despite the problems and techniques faced, Barnard continued to further his knowledge and researches in heart transplant. This has become a n inspiration to the others in the aim to perform more successful heart transplant. The hard-work of Dr. Barnard and his team will be memorized by people forever. Reference 1. Barnard, Christiaan. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2- 3437500078.html 2. Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard 3. Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=christiaan+barnardgwp=13 4. Christiaan N. Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/ewb_02/ewb_02_00449.html 5. Christiaan Barnard Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ba-Be/Barnard-Christiaan.html 6. Dr Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.dinweb.org/dinweb/DINMuseum/Dr%20Christiaan%20Barnard.asp Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=christiaan+barnardgwp=13 8. Heart Transplant, History of Heart Transplantation. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/cs/pat/hearttx/history.html 9. http://www.springerlink.com/content/q3266367g54588th/. Retrieved 24.8.2009. 10. BBC News | HEALTH | Christiaan Barnard: Single-minded surgeon. (2001). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1470356.stm 11. Dr. Christiaan Barnard: Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/topic/dr-christiaan-barnard 12. Lower, R.R., Shumway, N.E. (1960). Studies on orthotopic homotransplantation of the canine heart. Surg Forum, 11, pp. 18-20. 13. Barnard, C.N. (1968). What we have learned about heart transplants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 56, pp. 457-468. 14. Blaiberg, P. (1969). Looking at my heart. London: Heinemann. 15. Cooper, D.K.C., Lanza, R.P. (1984). Heart transplantation at the University of Cape Town—an overview (appendix). In Cooper, D.K.C. Lanza, R.P. (Eds.), Heart transplantation (pp. 351-360). Lancaster: MTP Press. 16. Brink, J. (1996). Twenty-three year survival after orthotopic heart transplantation [letter]. J Heart Lung Transplant,15, pp. 430-431. 17. Barnard, C.N., Losman, J.G. (1975). Left ventricular bypass. S Afr Med J, 49, pp. 303-312. 18. Novitzky, D., Cooper, D.K.C., Rose, A.G., Barnard,C.N. (1984). The value of recipient heart assistance during severe acute rejection following heterotopic cardiac transplantation. J Cardiovasc Surg, 25, pp. 287-295. 19. Barnard, C.N., Wolpowitz, A., Losman, J.G. (1977). Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass. S Afr Med J, 52, pp. 1035-1039. 20. Cooper, D.K.C. (2001). Christiaan Barnard and his contributions to heart transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 20 (6), 599-610. 21. Brink, J. G., Cooper, D.K.C. (2005). Heart transplantation: The contributions of Christiaan Barnard and the University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital. World Journal of Surgery, 29 (8), 953-961. 22. (Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard, 2005; Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard, 2005) [1] Barnard, Christiaan. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2- 3437500078.html [2] Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard [3] Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=christiaan+barnardgwp=13 [4] Christiaan N. Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2009, from http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/ewb_02/ewb_02_00449.html [5] Christiaan Barnard Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ba-Be/Barnard-Christiaan.html [6] Dr Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.dinweb.org/dinweb/DINMuseum/Dr%20Christiaan%20Barnard.asp [7] Lower, R.R., Shumway, N.E. (1960). Studies on orthotopic homotransplantation of the canine heart. Surg Forum, 11, pp. 18-20. [8] Barnard, C.N. (1968). What we have learned about heart transplants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 56, pp. 457-468. [9] Blaiberg, P. (1969). Looking at my heart. London: Heinemann. [10] Cooper, D.K.C., Lanza, R.P. (1984). Heart transplantation at the University of Cape Town—an overview (appendix). In Cooper, D.K.C. Lanza, R.P. (Eds.), Heart transplantation (pp. 351-360). Lancaster: MTP Press. [11]Brink, J. (1996). Twenty-three year survival after orthotopic heart transplantation [letter]. J Heart Lung Transplant,15, pp. 430-431. [12] Barnard, C.N., Losman, J.G. (1975). Left ventricular bypass. S Afr Med J, 49, pp. 303-312. [13] Novitzky, D., Cooper, D.K.C., Rose, A.G., Barnard,C.N. (1984). The value of recipient heart assistance during severe acute rejection following heterotopic cardiac transplantation. J Cardiovasc Surg, 25, pp. 287-295. [14] Barnard, C.N., Wolpowitz, A., Losman, J.G. (1977). Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass. S Afr Med J, 52, pp. 1035-1039. [15] Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=christiaan+barnardgwp=13 [16] Heart Transplant, History of Heart Transplantation. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/cs/pat/hearttx/history.html [17] (Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard, 2005; Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard, 2005) [18] BBC News | HEALTH | Christiaan Barnard: Single-minded surgeon. (2001). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1470356.stm [19] Dr. Christiaan Barnard: Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.answers.com/topic/dr-christiaan-barnard

The Contributions of Frederick Douglas, William Apess, Sarah Margaret F

The Contributions of Frederick Douglas, William Apess, Sarah Margaret Fuller, and Sojourner Truth      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As has been noted before, when we look at the authors of The Declaration of Independence, we are quite aware that the 'document' was written in the interest of the people who were there. The wealthy, white, landowners make up the Constitution to fit their needs and exclude everyone else. The people most notably left without rights are African American's, Native American's and Women. These minority groups formed a bond with each other because they were outside the dominant group. These groups of people helped gain their strength and voice through speeches and conventions with each one using the very words of the Constitution as their platform. During this time powerful voices spoke out like: Frederick Douglas, William Apess, Margaret Fuller, and Sojourner Truth, who didn't have the advantage of a formal education, but still found a way to become educated or taught themselves.    A brilliant speaker, "Abolionist, women's rights advocate,journalist and newspaper editor, social reformers and race leader, Frederick Douglas was unquestionably one of the most prominent black leaders of the nineteenth century and one of the most eloquent orators in American public life"(1751). Frederick Douglas was basically self-taught and his voice became so polished that he was in fear of losing the audience of his own race to the cause of freeing slaves because he sounded "too white". Douglas was asked to speak at a Fourth of July celebration and in his speech; What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? ; He expresses that it is: "Your National Independence, and of your political freedom"(1819). He reaches out to his audience by showin... ...ither has been answered fully"(2022). This is the backbone of most of the representative material. It is based on spiritual and Christian thought and that people are created and given their rights by God. Since most of these authors weren't taught in the classical sense the Bible was a useful and sometimes life altering tool. Hopefully, we will learn more about these representational authors so that as a collective group of Americans we can fully understand their impact on the growth and development of our country.    Works Cited The Heath Anthology of American Literature Copyright 1998 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Issues in Feminism Copyright 1998,1995,1990 by Mayfield Publishing Company Owl-eyes Biography and Etexts http://owleyes.org/douglas.htm Bright Moments http://brightmoments.com/blackhistory/nsotrue:html

Convergence of the Twain Analysis Essay

The Convergence of the Twain Rewrite Intimated in Hardy’s pindaric ode entitled â€Å"The Convergence of the Twain† is an attitude of melancholy. While this poem is sad, it appears that Hardy also employs his work to revisit a common theme in his works and a strong belief in his life: marriage. The poem seems to carry the metaphor of marriage and the metonymy of the Titanic. Then later demonstrating the sundering of this idea. It is no secret that Hardy does not agree with marriage. In another piece of his work, Jude the Obscure, he states â€Å"Marriage is marriage†, and getting out of it is both extremely difficult and also immoral. In stanza seven Hardy describes the ship as â€Å"her† and that a â€Å"sinister mate† was being prepared for her. Illustrating both sides of a marriage. Sinister seems the perfect way to describe Hardy’s attitude to the work and the idea as a whole. The stanzas appear to represent boats or ships at the start of the poem. As the reader continues to each stanza, he can see that each stanza becomes a little more deshevelled. Until the stanzas become completely disjointed. This represents the ship hitting the iceberg and cracking, and eventually splitting. Throughout the work Hardy alludes to fate. Listing key words such as, † thread†, â€Å"fashioning†, â€Å"Immanent Will†, and most importantly, â€Å"Till the Spinner.† â€Å"The Spinner† is referring to the third fate: Clotho. This fate spins the thread of life. â€Å"Till the Spinner of the Years Said â€Å"Now!† And each one hers, And consummation comes, and jars two hemispheres† This quote coming from the last stanza of the poem demonstrates Hardy’s lack of optimism for marriage. It also establishes when the Titanic struck the iceberg that it devestated two hemispheres and will stand as a depressing

Assess the dramatic effect of Eva Smith in relation to two of the characters in An Inspector Calls Essays

Assess the dramatic effect of Eva Smith in relation to two of the characters in An Inspector Calls Essays Assess the dramatic effect of Eva Smith in relation to two of the characters in An Inspector Calls Essay Assess the dramatic effect of Eva Smith in relation to two of the characters in An Inspector Calls Essay Essay Topic: Literature We are halfway through Act Three of An Inspector Calls by J. B. Priestley. The Inspector has, just as eerily and spookily as he arrived, exited the home of the Birling family. His provocation of the revelations that have been forced out by all members of the family including Sheilas husband-to-be Gerald, has left them bewildered and as very different people to the happy family group they were a few hours previously. In this play, the Inspector has very prominently acted as the representative for Eva Smith, who has apparently died tragically this night. We are given a few details about this girl she was country-born and was blessed with soft brown hair and dark brown eyes and a pretty appearance. Taking into account the fact that Eva is a young woman to whom we have never spoken and who does not physically enter this play at all she is but a diary, a photograph and a story how exactly has she managed to affect these five lives so colossally? I will focus on the reactions of and the effect upon Arthur and Sheila Birling father and daughter. It appears that, ironically, the Birling family has once again been split. At the beginning of the play, the audience remembers the men together in the drawing room, sharing drinks and talking of success. Mr. Birling, father of Eric and Sheila, is obviously a businessman with a very capitalist nature and way of thinking, given his mission statement working together for lower costs and higher prices as he lectures Gerald and Eric. Maybe this personality flaw is what has caused him to continue being stubborn and disbelieving towards Inspector Goole, now that he has gone. What does Mr. Birling care that Eva has died, and that, as pointed out by the Inspector, neither he nor his wife, son, daughter or her fiance an ever even say Im sorry, Eva Smith? It seems Arthur Birlings pompous and selfish attitude is stronger than his feelings of guilt. Even before Mr. Birling realises that the unfair and unjustified, abrupt dismissal of Eva from Birling Company two years ago, following her request for a rise and the ensuing workers strike, contributed to her death, he says, its a perfectly straightforward case, and as it happened more than eighteen months ago obviously it has nothing to do with the wretched girls suicide! The use of the word wretched is very damning and disrespectful of Eva, especially considering Mr. Birlings own input into her death. Of his refusal to grant Eva the couple of shillings more that she requested, he says, if you dont come down sharply on some of these people, theyd soon be asking for the Earth! He does not realise how much of the Earth he himself has actually taken, until the Inspector wittily replies, after all its better to ask for the Earth than to take it. It appears that Inspector Goole has managed to stir up some feelings of panic in Mr. Birling though as youd imagine they are not related to Evas tragic death or his involvement in it. He is, in fact, worrying again about his social standing and prestige. He has discovered that, to keep Eva and the child they were expecting before she died, Arthurs son, Eric, had been stealing money from Birling Company to give to her. Mr. Birling knows that as soon as Eva realised the money she was being given was stolen, she refused to take any more. He still, however, hurriedly insists that Eric give him a record of those accounts so that he can cover thi s up as soon as possible. Mr. Birlings driving concern is his own self-interest. Theyll be a public scandal, he says tactlessly. Here we note how hes prepared to pay out thousands to keep the scandal quiet. Mr. Birling is more concerned with the embarrassment he would face if it was to arise that Eric had stolen some of the companys money, rather than his own sons deceit and his reasons for taking the money in the first place. After all, any revelations about Birling Co. would surely hinder Arthur Birlings chance of being knighted. If we keep track of Birlings behaviour ever since the point of the Inspectors exit, we notice his relief at the point when the family begins to question the identity of the Inspector. When it becomes apparent that Gerald has actually established that Inspector Goole is not a registered member of the force, Mr. Birling cheers up considerably! Obviously the reason for this is his comfort in thinking there might still be a chance of knighthood for him. Surely the majority of his family would simply be relieved that the untoward parts they played in the life of a young woman were not cumulative and there has in fact been no actual death? Mrs. Birling certainly takes this view, apparently forgetting that the family members did do what they did, and says of her children, In the morning theyll be as amused as we are. However, Sheila Birling, Arthurs daughter, is considerably more affected by the revelations than her father. For Eva, whether or not she exists or did exist, has proved to be a poignant learning curve for Sheila in relation to her temper and the way she acts in relation to others. Sheila, of course, was a regular customer at the department store called Milwards when Eva was enjoying a fairly steady, well-paid job there. Sheila was being adamant and very stubborn towards her mother and insisted that she try on a dress shed seen. Sheila had been in a furious temper that day anyway, and we realise later that it was because her partner Gerald had been having an affair (or so she suspected). Sheilas mother and the sales assistant, Miss Francis, had both advised Sheila that to try the dress on would be a mistake, but she had insisted. After having tried the dress on, Sheila knew immediately that the two had been right all along, and that the dress did not flatter her at all. Sheila described how this girl [Eva] had brought the dress up from the workroom, and when the assistant Miss Francis had asked her something about it, to show us what she meant, she had helped the dress up, as if she was wearing it. Sheila said it just suited her and that she was jealous of her figure and her dark eyes. Then, when Sheila was looking at herself in the dress, she caught sight of Eva smiling at Miss Francis. Becoming furious and taking the smile the wrong way, Sheila promptly demanded to see the manager and insisted that, unless they fired Eva, she would boycott the store forever. Sheila used her power as the daughter of a respected customer to make life difficult and miserable for Eva. This, we are told by the Inspector, was Evas final steady job she was never employed again. From Act One of the play, we could see that something was very wrong in the relationship between Sheila and her father, simply because of their difference in personality. When her father egotistically states his capitalist views and opinions on the working world and society in general, Sheila is at the forefront of protest. She says, but these girls arent cheap labour theyre people! I think that, from Sheilas siding with Eric following the departure of the Inspector and her reluctance to believe that the whole affair was simply a hoax, she has learnt more from the story (and definitely the possible reality) of Eva Smith and her plight, that any other member of her family. I suppose were all nice people now, says Sheila sarcastically. She means, of course, to mock the attitude of her family and her fianci in realisation of their involvement with Eva Smith and her death. Much to her dismay, disbelief and disappointment, they cling onto their last shreds of dignity in a way that only self-centred narcissistic people do (Was he really a police Inspector? How do we know any girl killed herself today? ) and attempting to erase the previous few hours. Mr. Birling even offers the men a drink! Sheila, however, is adamant that she will prove her point that each one of them still has a great deal to be sorry for. Sheila is just as uncertain as any of the other family members as to whether or not Eva existed as one girl or as five but the mysterious figure of Eva has affected her deeply. It doesnt alter the fact that we all helped to kill her, she says. In my opinion, Sheila is right! Inspector Goole acts very much as the voice of J. B. Priestley and of Eva Smith; especially during his final speech when he told the family, there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us all intertwined with our lives we dont live alone. Mr Birling needs to have taken note of the Inspectors lesson, in which he warned people of being taught in fire and blood and anguish if they did not begin to realise how their apparently trivial or self-righteous actions have significant effects on others around them. Despite Sheilas pleas and analytical attitude towards the Inspectors speech and his presence, Mr. Birling and his wife typically endeavour to pass her words off as childish misunderstanding: Really, from the way you children [Eric and Sheila] talk, you might be wanting to help him instead of us! However, is the reality of that statement so ridiculous? I certainly feel that the intentions of the Inspector and Eva Smith, whoever they were, were to remind them to help each other and to help others in society, however far beneath them in terms of social hierarchy they are considered to be. Eva, whether real or imaginary (and the feeling of her existence is certainly very strong), is a very touching archetype of societys in difference, maybe even hatred, of others around them. This applies most fully to people of supposedly high social status people like Arthur Birling and his family who live in large houses and drink expensive port. Mr. Birling does not see that the Inspector has proved his society and all that nonsense theory to be absolutely incorrect. At the very end of Act Three, the telephone to the Birling household rings, and it is spookily confirmed that a girl has in fact died at the Infirmary that very night. Priestley describes the shock of the family members as they stare, guiltily. This is effective because every one of them is, in one way or another, guilty. The telephone call really seems to confirm the fact that the selfishness of each member of the Birling family and Gerald Croft, although maybe not quite so heavily in his case, has contributed to the death of a young woman. This brings the audience to the (intensely dramatic) end of the play, and we cannot help but wonder how the lives of the family will fare following this incident and the series of incidents during their recent years. We have been led to believe that Eva and her fate has brought about the possibility of Sheila and Eric changing their attitudes and the ways in which they react to members of society around them. Sheilas involvement with Eva Smiths death was the result of her very strong temper and the fact that she misused her high status to induce problems in the life of another. Eva Smith and her story will hopefully have caused her to rethink her actions and their possible consequences. Her brother Erics life had become intertwined with Evas when he was intoxicated at the Palace Variety Bar, and picked her up. Eric is a character whose life seems to have become very difficult and complicated it may have taken someone like Eva to make him change his ways and think about his disregard for everything rational and caring. The audience hopes, however, that the person upon whom Eva Smith has had the most dramatic effect is Arthur Birling. It is rather saddening to watch the family having had such an experience, almost a blessing, with a prophet such as Inspector Goole and his interrogation. This is because he has taught Arthur, Sybil, Sheila, Eric and Gerald a very valuable lesson, which half of the family has apparently taken no note of whatsoever. It is apparent that Eva Smith, Daisy Renton or whoever it was coming into contact with the Birling family over the said period of time may not exist, but this has not stopped her from having an extremely consequential effect on five people. Priestley has, fully intentionally of course, left us wondering if the Birlings will think about their effect upon people around them or whether they will have to be taught their lesson of concern for those of lower social standing in fire, blood and anguish.

Marketing Objectives How to Set Them in Six Steps - CoSchedule

Marketing Objectives How to Set Them in Six Steps Marketing objectives are the foundation of any good marketing strategy. Imagine youre leading a marketing team (even a sub-team within your department) and have no means of communicating the specific numbers all of their work is meant to influence. Your team would likely do things they think are for the best interest of the company (but everyone would feel siloed because everyone would be doing their own thing) wonder how their efforts are actually paying off in the long run (because they have no reason to measure how what they do is influencing actual results) look to you for guidance (because the success of your team lies on your ability to communicate why theyre working on something, and not how to do it) Marketing objectives help your team by giving measurable KPIs they can directly influence through their work, which, if influenced well, results in meeting goals. In this sense, marketing objectives guide your team to develop and execute the best ideas that will make your goals a reality. However, setting those marketing objectives is not an easy task. What constitutes a goal vs. an objective? How do you know if you’ve selected the right ones? Table of Contents Free Marketing Objectives + Google Analytics Guide What Are Marketing Objectives? Why Do Marketing Objectives Matter? 17 Goals And Marketing Objective Examples How To Set Up Your Marketing Objectives In 6 Steps Step One: Remember Your Mission Statement. Step Two: Set Your Marketing Objectives. Step Three: Tie Your Marketing Goals Into Your Marketing Objectives. Step Four: Develop A Marketing Strategy. Step Five: Align Your Marketing Goals With Your Marketing Funnel. Step Six: Measure And Report Your Progress. Get Your Free Guide: Tracking Marketing Objectives in Google Analytics This article walks you through what marketing objectives are, explains how to set (and measure) them, and offers some examples of objectives a business like yours might select. As you begin communicating your objectives to your team, youll need methods for measuring them. Google Analytics is one of the best (and easiest) tools to measure your objectives (at least at first). The free guide that complements this article helps you: Implement the tactics youll learn throughout this article step by step so you can put your knowledge into practice immediately. Consider it a worksheet to follow along as you read this article so by the time youre done, youll have a solid start on setting your objectives. Create Goals in Google Analytics so you can put real numbers to the work you do. Doing without measuring doesnt actually accomplish anything (from a business perspective). So use these step-by-step, easy-to-follow instructions to understand the value everything you publish provides. So download your free marketing objectives guide now! 😉 How to Set Clear Marketing Objectives In Six Simple StepsAlright, now that you have your guide to follow along, let's get started! What Are Marketing Objectives? There are many different definitions of marketing objectives.   For our purposes, here’s the definition we’ll use: â€Å"A marketing objective assigns aspirational measurable values to your goals so that your team may better understand how what they do directly impacts business outcomes." Really quick... if you're wondering what the difference between a marketing goal and a marketing objective are, here's an example: Goal: "{Company} must be perceived as a leader in the {industry} market so that we may increase market share, which ultimately drives revenue growth." This is what you want. vs. Objective: "{Company} will increase share of voice by 20% by the end of Q3." This is how you'll know if you've been successful at influencing that goal. With objectives, your team may better come up with ideas to influence a specific metric that results in making the goal a reality. Why Do Marketing Objectives Matter? Marketing objectives are the endpoints of your marketing strategy. They give your team a direction and a goal to work towards. They also help show what’s working by giving you something concrete to measure your progress  against. Finally, establishing clear objectives is important for determining which specific marketing tactics and tasks  you’ll execute to achieve them. 17 Goals And Marketing Objective Examples If you’re in the process of setting your new objectives, here are some goal and objective examples to help get you started:Goal Example Marketing Objective Example 1 Improve brand reputation Gain and retain a 90% positive share of voice by the end of the calendar year so that prospective customers know, like, and trust us. 2 Increase brand presence Publish 4 articles every month on external sources our target audience follows to increase brand presence. 3 Optimize brand positioning Define brand positioning statement and communication frameworks by the end of the month so that our team understands our strategic differentiators from the competition. 4 Increase traffic Test three new traffic generation methods every month to increase traffic month over month by 3%. 5 Increase suspect pipeline Increase website conversion rates by 2% by the end of Q2 so that we increase the number of suspects in our marketing to sales pipeline from 500 to 510. 6 Diversify lead sources Test two new lead generation sources every month in fiscal year 2020 to find at least two successful methods of generating new demand that we will implement by the end of 2021. 7 Acquire more prospects from existing market Implement content upgrades into every blog post by the end of the calendar year to turn 30% of our website visitors into prospective sales leads. 8 Launch product Define the go-to-market strategy for Product A by the end of the week so that the team can create all content before the launch date. 9 Improve product quality Launch Product A by the end of the month with zero bugs. 10 Acquire more customers from existing market Implement off-site tactics to acquire 5% more customers month over month by the end of the fiscal year. 11 Break into new markets Research the competition in Market A by the end of Q1 so that we understand how to differentiate Product A positioning to win new marketshare. 12 Retain existing customers Reduce bugs to zero for every feature launch so that user churn decreases to 3% by the end of Q4. 13 Increase efficiency Publish four blog posts every week by the end of the calendar year. 14 Increase revenue Launch four new products by the end of the fiscal year to increase revenue. 15 Increase profit margin Improve brand positioning on ten existing products by the end of the calendar year to increase product value so that we may increase prices for those product lines. 16 Improve customer experience Reduce user experience challenges in Product A to improve net promoter scores (NPS) to 70%+. 17 Improve customer advocacy Implement a customer ambassador program by the end of the calendar year so that our best customers introduce our product to new prospective customers. How To Set Up Your Marketing Objectives In 6 Steps Now that you know what marketing objectives are and have seen a few examples for yourself, you can begin the process of setting up your own. Here’s how to do it in six steps: Step One: Remember Your Mission Statement. Step Two: Set Your Marketing Objectives. Step Three: Tie Your Marketing Goals Into Your Marketing Objectives. Step Four: Develop A Marketing Strategy. Step Five: Align Your Marketing Goals With Your Marketing Funnel. Step Six: Measure And Report Your Progress. Before we begin, let’s set the stage. This example will focus on a fictitious bookstore called â€Å"Reading Nook Bookstore.† Two different marketers are part of this story, Peter and Natalie. Peter is a new marketing strategist at Reading Nook Bookstore. Natalie is the marketing director and has been at Reading Nook Bookstore for five years. Let’s begin. So, how exactly do you set marketing objectives? Learn everything you need to know here. Step One: Remind Your Team Of Your Mission Statement Peter is about to begin work with Natalie on setting next year’s marketing objectives. Peter is new to this process, so Natalie decided to walk him through how setting up marketing objectives works. The first step in this process is reviewing the mission statement of your organization. Natalie pulled up the Reading Nook Bookstore website and showed Peter the following mission statement: â€Å"The goal of Reading Nook Bookstore is to inspire and nurture the love of reading across generations of families.† As you begin to work on your marketing objectives, remember your mission statement. If you get stuck, refer back to your statement and ask yourself: â€Å"If we complete this objective, how does it help fulfill our mission?† Step Two: Set Your Marketing Objectives When you’re setting up your objectives, the first thing you need to focus on is answering this question: What is your overarching marketing objective? Your overarching objective should be the end goal that your marketing team wants to achieve by a certain time. This is the driving force behind every other objective and goal that you set. This also means that your objective should be broad enough to give you plenty of room to work out your entire marketing strategy. Now that Peter and Natalie have their overarching marketing objective, their next step is to set the rest of their marketing goals. Here are some goals they might set to achieve their objective: Increase the conversion rate of their audience by 25% in one year. Double the number of purchases by 18- to 35-year-olds by June 2021. Increase average in-store purchase value from $10 to $35 in one year. Each one of these goals has something important in common. They have a specific numerical data point that must be met by an end date. Step Three: Tie Your SMART Marketing Goals Into Your Marketing Objectives The next step in Peter and Natalie’s marketing objective process is to create their SMART marketing goals. Marketing goals differ a bit from marketing objectives. Marketing objectives are the overarching outcomes you want to achieve, which you set for your team. Marketing goals are the stepping stones you need to complete to reach your objective. Your goals should be the specific building blocks that help you reach your initial objectives. Each one should build off the other like this: So let’s take the marketing objectives that Natalie and Peter created earlier and set a series of marketing goals that revolve around each one. Their first objective was: Increase online conversion rate by 25% in one year. Some marketing goals that Natalie and Peter could set are: Increase the ranking of 10 landing pages to the top three spots on Google by optimizing them for specific keywords. Decrease abandoned shopping carts by 50%. The second objective Peter and Natalie need to set marketing goals for is: Double the size of our 18- to 35-year-old audience by June 2021. Examples of goals that Peter and Natalie could set might include: Creating an active presence on Instagram and Snapchat with each account having over 1,000 followers by the end of June 2018. Host a book club with topics aimed to entice target audience with 2,000 active members by March 2021. Their third objective that Natalie and Peter need to set goals for is: Increase average in-store purchase value from$10 to $35 in one year. Example goals for this post could be: Host book club Meetups in the store to increase in-store traffic by 30%. Market in the most trafficked areas of the store to increase new in-store membership signups by 25%. Each of the goals and its parent objective relates back to the overarching goal of increasing the revenue of Reading Nook Bookstore by three million dollars. Connect your #marketing objectives to your overall business objectives. Step Four: Set Up A Marketing Strategy The next step in your marketing objective process is to set up your marketing strategy. The strategy that you set up will help you reach your objective. The marketing strategy that Reading Nook Bookstore will execute involves: Creating a blog to help generate leads from helpful and relevant content. Promote that content with social media and email newsletters. Use social media ads, Google PPC, and retargeting ads to reach new customers. DID YOU KNOW: can help you plan and execute your entire strategy on one marketing calendar? See how with this live demo recap video. Step Five: Match Your Marketing Goals To Your Marketing Funnel The next step in your process is setting up a series of marketing goals that help guide potential customers to purchasing your product. A marketing funnel will usually look something like this: Awareness:  The awareness stage is letting your target audience know that you exist. This could be from reading your blog, seeing your social media ads, or stumbling across a PPC ad. Interest:  The interest stage involves getting your target audience to connect with your content. Here your potential customers would become more invested in your content by subscribing to your email list. Consideration:  This is the nurturing part of your funnel. It helps connect the solution your company offers to the problems your audience is experiencing. Your marketers would be sending a series of emails to help start nurturing them to learn more about your product. Intent:  This is the first part of the sales stage of your marketing funnel. Here is where all of your solutions will be laid out in front of your new potential customers. This is where your sales team will step in to talk to potential customers. Evaluation:  Your target audience will evaluate what options have been presented to them by your sales team. At this point, your customers may return to their teams to discuss the information they found. Purchase:  Your audience buys your product. Each one on the funnel stages will have marketing goals that need to be met to move customers through the funnel. Here are some potential example goals for your marketing funnel. Depending on your funnel, your goals may change. Awareness Goal Examples: Gain 2,500 organic views for every blog post. Reach 500 people for every Facebook post. Interest Goal Examples: Get 3,000 new email subscribers a week. Gain 750 new social fans per month. Consideration Goal Examples: Get 50% of new customers in nurturing email follow. Qualify 50 new leads from the email list per week. Intent Goal Examples: Have 25 new sales calls a week. Evaluation Goal Examples: Write five bottom of the funnel marketing posts a month. Set up ten demo calls a month with potential customers. Purchase Goal Examples: Convert 75% of sales calls to purchases. Achieve an average order value of $50 or higher. Recommended Reading: How to Set Social Media Goals To Crush Your Business Objectives Step Six: Measure Progress Toward Your Objectives The last step is to figure out how you are going to measure and report on the progress. Before you even begin to build your reports, you and your boss need to determine how often you need to report your results. These could come weekly, monthly, bi-monthly, or quarterly. Once you’ve determined how often you’re going to create your report, you need to choose what metrics you’re going to track. These metrics will usually revolve around the goals you set for your team. If we were to choose a series of metrics based on our marketing funnel goals, they would look something like this. Awareness Metrics Example: Gain 2,500 organic views for every blog post  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many organic views do you get for each post? What is the average? Reach 500 people for every Facebook post sent → How many people does your Facebook post reach on average? What was the highest number of people reached? Interest Metrics Examples: Get 3,000 new email subscribers a week  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many new subscribers did we gain in this reporting period? What was the average? Gain 750 new social fans per month  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many fans did we gain in this reporting period? How many fans did we gain per social channel? Consideration Metrics Examples: Get 50% of new customers in nurturing email follow  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many new email subscribers entered the nurture email flow in the reporting period? Intent Metrics Examples: Have 25 new sales calls a week  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many new sales calls did we get in the reporting period? What is our average? Qualify 50 new leads from the email list per week  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many leads did you get in the reporting period? How many of them could be considered marketing qualified leads? Evaluation Metrics Examples: Write five bottom of the funnel marketing posts a month  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many leads came from your bottom of the funnel marketing posts? How often did they help convert customers? Set up ten demo calls a month with potential customers  Ã¢â€ â€™ How many demo calls were completed? How many of them converted into paying customers? Purchase Metrics Examples: Convert 75% of sales calls to purchases  Ã¢â€ â€™ What is the average purchase price from a sales call? How many calls converted? Achieve an average order value of $50 or higher  Ã¢â€ â€™ What is the order value for each call? What was the average in the reporting period? One free and widely-used option for objectives reporting is  Google Analytics. Google Analytics can help you find an enormous amount of data about your audience and overall online marketing performance. Other popular options include: Kissmetrics In-app social analytics Raven Tools Hubspot DataBox Adobe Analytics Learn how to build a better marketing report  to look like a genius to your boss. DID YOU KNOW: offers robust analytics to measure content and social media performance? Learn all about it here. Get Your 2018 Marketing Objectives Back On Track Now that Peter and Natalie (and you) have all the information you need, you can set your marketing goals and objectives to make this year your most successful year yet. Once you’re ready to move on to the execution phase of your marketing strategy, see how can help. Sign up for a demo  or start your free trial  now!

Critique Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critique Writing - Essay Example Students tend to discuss with the lecturer about their grades. This is disheartening because a tutor can comment on student’s grades before final exams have been done. The author argues that students in Brazilian Portuguese language tend to think about their grades or result than their counterparts in America. In America, students do not discuss their grades or results instead they accept their scores and do not challenge their tutor on any grade or result. What is significant to note about American students is that they have bad classroom manners in the sense that they arrive late, turning in homework after the deadline and even answer cell phones. For them, grade is not a big issue to worry. In other universities such as MIT, students are encouraged to work hard (Byrd, 2004). What is disheartening is that students all over the world are concerned about getting good grades even if it means cheating in exam or being

Sport and media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Sport and media - Essay Example article, the features associated with athletes and the tone used in sports coverage and reports varies according to the ethnicity and race of an athlete. The researchers were guided by four hypotheses that were developed using previous knowledge on ethnicity and racial minorities in the news. Media exposure using race-related messages can provide advantages in terms of identity to whites or majority consumers. They are offered intergroup messages, which support White positive distinctiveness and self-concept. The first hypothesis is that minority athletes are usually overrepresented as criminals when compared to Whites. The second hypothesis is that minority athletes are usually characterized unfavorably than White athletes in the coverage of crime related sports news. The third hypothesis is that crimes associated with minority athletes will be characterized with negative consequences. The fourth hypothesis is that the presentation of crime related sports news varies according to the race of an athlete (Mastro, Bleacha & Seate, 2011). These researchers show that the manner in which athletes are portrayed in crime related news varies according to race. In this case, minority athletes, particularly Black athletes were overly represented as criminals. The researchers used a social identify framework in order to analyze the content in the newspapers systematically. Mastro, D., Bleacha, E., & Seate, A. (2011). Characterization of Criminal Athletes: A Systematic Examination of Sports News Depictions of Race and Crime. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 55, (4)